Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11875/18
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Browsing Electronic Theses and Dissertations by Department "Kinesiology"
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Item Brain Training and Athletic Performance in Youth Athletes(December 2023) Park, Nocona; Figueroa, Yvette L; Didier, Jennifer J; Davis, Patrick R; Bunn, JenniferThe purpose of this study was to explore the effects of cognitive training regarding soccer-specific agility performance with the use of an application, BrainHQ. The study involved 48 soccer athletes, aged 10 to 11, at the competitive and advanced levels, who participated in their competitive spring season. All athletes completed pre- and post-assessments of a modified Y change-of-direction test and a soccer-specific agility test and were included in the analysis. The experimental group used the training app two-four days per week for 10-30 minutes per day over the course of four weeks. The participants were coded as compliant or non-compliant, post-hoc, based on the level of compliance on using the BrainHQ app. The control group used a blind app with no intentional cognitive training purposes for the same time frame as the experimental group. The repeated measures MANOVA (groups x time) with the covariate of compliance study revealed main effects of time and further univariate analyses presented interactions for time x group indicating the BrainHQ app may contribute to perceptual-cognitive athletic performance. The BrainHQ app use by the experimental group showed greatest time improvements in key variables that influence in-game performance such as soccer-specific agility times, movement speed, and decision-making times. Based on the results of this study, recommendations for training programs; and future study recommendations are offered.Item COMPARISON OF PORTABLE METABOLIC ANALYZERS DURING WALKING, JOGGING, AND RUNNING(2020-05-01T05:00:00.000Z) Toulouse, Alexander; Davis, PatrickOxygen uptake (VO2) measurements enable performance professionals, clinicians, and scientists to quantify energy expenditure for various purposes. Devices that accurately detect the composition of expired gases and changes in VO2, open new possibilities in research methodology and accessibility. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the VO2 measurements of the VO2 Master Pro (VM) to the Cosmed K5 (K5) during walking, jogging, and running in field and lab conditions. METHODS: Twelve proficient runners, with a current 10k pace of ≤ 5:19 min/km, performed 3 matched intervals at 3 different speeds (4.82, 8.05, 11.27 kph) on a treadmill and on an outdoor track. An airflow test was performed on both devices by pumping air through the devices using a 3 L syringe timed to a metronome at 15, 25, and 35 bt/min. The VM did not report walking data for most participants and was excluded from analysis. Jogging and running measurements were analyzed using a 2x2x2 repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: The indoor running analysis revealed significant differences in VO2 (3017 vs. 1880 ml/min), VE (71 vs 57 ml/min), and TV (1.89 vs 1.56 L) between the K5 and VM respectively (p < .05). Outdoor analysis showed a significant difference between devices in VO2, VE¬, and TV (p < .05). The airflow test showed significant differences between the devices in VE and TV (p < .05). Analysis failed to show a significant difference in FeO2 and HR (p > .05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there are significant discrepancies between the K5 and the VM, likely due to differences in TV measurement.Item Effects Different Percentages of Blood Flow Restriction While Walking on Muscle Oxygen Saturation(2021-05-01T05:00:00.000Z) Shriver, Clayton; Davis, PatrickPURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect different relative pressures of blood flow restriction (BFR) had on muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) while walking at 3.0 mph. METHODS: Fifteen physically active healthy adults performed seven 5-minute stages of walking at 3.0 mph with a blood flow restriction cuff applied to the proximal portion of the left or right leg while bilateral SmO2 changes were measured using near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) bilaterally on the medial head of the gastrocnemius (GM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles. Other measurements including heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and ground contact time balance (GCTB) were also collected. SmO2 measurements were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA while other measurements were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: We observed a significant main effect of LOP (limb occlusion pressure)% on the difference in total area of desaturation that occurred during each occlusion stage (ADS), F (1.432, 40.08) = 32.74, p < 0.0001, initial ΔSmO2, F (1.8, 52) = 28, p < 0.001, and final ΔSmO2, F (1.359, 38.04) = 9.631, p = 0.0016. Tukey’s post hoc analysis of differences in ADS revealed significant differences for all comparisons except at 40% vs 80% LOP (p = 0.0821) for the GM. Post hoc analysis of initial ΔSmO2 revealed a significant difference for all comparisons except at 40% vs 80% (p = 0.555) for the VL. Multiple comparisons for final ΔSmO2 only showed a significant difference at 40% vs. 100% (p = 0.0029) and 80% vs 100% (p =0.0079) for the VL. CONCLUSION: The results did not support our hypothesis that there would be no significant difference in SmO2 between 40%, 80%, and 100% LOP. Multiple comparison results differed between ADS, initial ΔSmO2, and final ΔSmO2. ADS data was used to reflect the magnitude of SmO2 desaturation on the VL and GM during each occlusion stage. The magnitude of SmO2 desaturation was statistically significant between LOP% except for between 40% and 80% LOP of the GM.Item Investigating Fandom, Motives, and Consumption Patterns of Esports Consumers(2019-11-08) Anderson, Devin Justice-Francois; Zapalac, Ryan K.Esports is commonly referred to as “competitive gaming” (Robbin, 2016). Esports competitions are generally formatted by organized leagues, tournaments, and events with professional teams, or individual players, competing against each other towards a specific goal (trophy, prize money, etc.) (Hamari and Sjöblom, 2017). The purpose of this study was designed to be exploratory in nature due to the emerging nature of esports research, and the variety of results reported in prior studies. A total of 611 (N = 611) participants were included in this study. The survey package that participants completed consisted of general demographics, two modified versions of the Sport Fandom Questionnaire (SFQ) (Wann, 1995), a modified version of the Motivation Scale for Sport Consumption (MSSC) (Trail, 2012; Trail & James, 2001), and consumption variables related to attendance and viewership, social media usage, and spending. Three stepwise regression analyses were employed to examine the predictive capabilities of esports fandom and esports motivations on esports consumption variables. The first stepwise regression analysis used to predict ‘Attendance and Viewership’ was significant (p < .001), and the social interaction predictor accounted for most of the explained variance (31.7%). The second stepwise regression analysis used to predict ‘Social Media’ usage was also significant (p < .001), with the general esports fandom predictor accounting for a majority of the explained variance (28.1%). The third and final stepwise regression analysis used to predict ‘Spending’ was similarly significant (p < .001), with the vicarious achievement predictor accounted for much of the explained variance (17.0%). The results from this study suggest that it is essential to consider the different fandom and motivational profiles of esports consumers in order to successfully reach target markets in the esports industry, thus promoting esports consumption.Item Learning and practicing dance phrases with and without a mirror: A comparison study(2020-05-01T05:00:00.000Z) Weber, Emily E; Didier, JenniferMirrors are commonplace in dance studios; however, there has been no research that has looked at when the mirrors are most beneficial during the learning of dance phrases. Mirror visual feedback has been found to increase neural activity for attention and cognitive control (Deconick et al. 2015) as well as enhance performance and induce neuroplasticity (Rjosk et al. 2017). Mixed results have been observed with the use of mirrors during learning. Dearborn and Ross (2006) and Radall and Adame (2003) found a benefit of mirrors for dancers, and power clean movements were better with the use of mirrors (Sewall et al., 1988). However, mirrors were not found to improve balance or Pilates movements (Notamicola et al. 2014; Lynch et al. 2009). The varied results could be due to experience levels or the type of movement activity. The aim of this study was to determine if mirrors were more beneficial at the demonstration and explanation (DEMO) or practice (PRAC) phase for learning the dance phrase. Twenty experienced dancers were randomly placed in one of three groups. Group one (N=7, age M=21, Dance years M=14 +-2) had DEMO with mirror, PRAC no mirror. Group two (N=7, age M=20, Dance years M= 8+-5) had DEMO no mirror, PRAC with mirror). Group three (N=6, age M=20, Dance years M=9 +-5) had DEMO with mirror, PRAC with mirror. Videos of each participant’s dance performance of the dance phrase were blind reviewed by four independent experienced dance instructors for movement accuracy and timing/musicality errors on scales of one to five, with five equal to no errors and one is equal to seven or more errors. The results of a Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test were not significant for accuracy (H= 3.53, 2 d.f., p= .171) or errors (H=4.55, 2 d.f., p= .103). Results showed group one, which used the mirror only during demonstration and explanation to have the highest accuracy, while group two, which used the mirror only during practice, showed the best timing. Group three, which used the mirror during the demonstration and explanation phase and the practice phase (similar to traditional dance training), had the most errors in accuracy and the second-most errors in timing. These data suggest there may be learning benefits from removing the mirror during either the demonstration phase of the practice phase as well as that additional research is warranted to determine the effect of experience level and learning strategies used with and without mirrors present.Item The Effect of Breakfast on a Resistance Training Session in Female Collegiate Athletes(December 2023) Roberts, Haley; Figueroa, Yvette L; Davis, Patrick R; Bunn, JenniferThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of breakfast consumption on collegiate female athletes during a resistance training session and their nutritional habits throughout the remainder of the day. Of 32 recruited, 23 female collegiate Division I athletes from Sam Houston State University participated. The study consisted of three visits. The first visit included baseline measures for heart rate (HR), blood glucose (BG), and salivary cortisol (SC), a wellness questionnaire, 5-repetition maxes for a goblet squat, Romanian deadlift, dumbbell bench press and dumbbell row, and participant familiarization. The next two visits consisted of the randomized conditions: a resistance training session with breakfast (experimental) and another with breakfast omission (control). For each condition, BG, HR, and SC was collected after wait period and prior to resistance training and BG, RHR, SC, heart rate recovery (HRR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was collected after resistance training. A two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to examine how the condition (breakfast or breakfast omission) and time (pre and post) affected BG, HR, and SC. BG was more stable between pre and post in the experimental condition compared to the control. A matched pairs t-test revealed that breakfast had no impact on RPE. Lastly, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that breakfast increased happiness and was associated with lower academic stress. This study demonstrates the importance of breakfast to female collegiate athletes, coaches, and administration as well as informs the research on nutrition among female collegiate athletes.Item THE EFFECTS OF INCREASED TRUNK BODY COMPOSITION, CHEST STRENGTH, AND LEG STRENGTH ON CLUBHEAD SPEED IN RECREATIONAL GOLFERS(2022-08-01T05:00:00.000Z) Beverly, Sydney; Wagner, Matthew C; Davis, Patrick R; Urso, Philip M; Bunn, JenniferThe purpose of this study was to determine if trunk body composition, chest strength, and leg strength predict clubhead speed (CHS), which is positively correlated with driving distance. Factors that contribute to CHS are flexibility, technique, skill level, and strength. Increased musculature was previously believed to decrease flexibility in golfers; therefore, many golfers would refrain from participating in resistance training. However, increasing strength, flexibility, and balance increases golf performance. By increasing strength, athletes are more likely to have more control of the club throughout the swing. Therefore, increased strength and muscularity could result in increased CHS. The participants (n = 11) completed assessments that involved height and weight measurements, body composition assessment, predicted one repetition maximum, and CHS measurements. Statistical analyses were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, v. 17.0, Chicago, IL). Central tendency and spread of the data are denoted as mean and standard deviation. A stepwise regression was used to determine which variables and interactions were significant regarding their relationship to CHS. The results of this study showed correlations between CHS and trunk fat mass (r = -0.231), trunk lean mass (r = 0.072), trunk fat percentage (r = -0.521), flat bench press (r = 0.611), incline bench press (r =0.499), leg press (r = 0.466), and hack squat (r = 0.369). The only significant correlation was between CHS and flat bench press (P = 0.046).Item THE EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING AND INTERVAL TRAINING ON SOCCER-SPECIFIC FITNESS AND SKILLS(2023-08-01T05:00:00.000Z) Lambright, Kelsi; Munoz Rosario, Mario A; Davis, Patrick R; Figueroa, Yvette L; Pasquini, Erica AThis study aimed to compare the effects of resistance or high-intensity interval training on sprinting, agility, and vertical jumping. Participants included 32 female high school soccer players who were randomly assigned to one of two groups: resistance training group (RTG, n=16, age: 16.25 ± 1.83 years, height: 164.95 ± 4.22 cm, body mass: 57.21 ± 5.28 kg, BMI: 21.36 ± 1.34 kg•m-2 ) or high-intensity interval training group (HIITG, n=16, age: 16.06 ± 1.48 years, height: 163.98 ± 7.60 cm, body mass: 57.63 ± 6.51 kg, BMI: 21.73 ± 1.75 kg•m-2 ). Pre- and post-testing included a 36.5-meter sprint, countermovement jump, and the Illinois agility test. The participants completed an eight-week training regimen for their respective groups, training three days per week, one hour for each session. The 36.5-meter sprint time was improved in both groups, with no significant difference between the RTG and HIITG (-0.18 ± 0.13 vs. -0.16 ± 0.16 s, p= 0.686). CMJ performance was improved in both groups, but the improvement was significantly greater for the HIITG than RTG (6.39 ± 3.10 vs. 1.19 ± 2.71 cm, p<0.0001). There was also a significant difference between the two groups in the change in time to complete the agility test (p=0.009). The RT group had a mean change of -0.75 ± 0.89 seconds while the HIIT group had a mean change of –1.76 ± 1.15 seconds. In conclusion, this study has shown that an 8-week pre-season period of training results in improvements on speed, power, and agility in both groups, with HIIT group showing superior adaptations in CMJ and agility than RT. However, there were no differences between the groups in change of sprint time.Item Tissue Oxygen Recovery Time Difference in Front and Back Squats(2018-11-20) Yakel, John P.; Davis, PatrickMuscle oxygenation (SmO2) has been studied through near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) to describe the change in oxygen saturation within a muscle. The MOXY sensor is an inexpensive and mobile NIRS device. The purpose of this study is twofold: first to determine if SmO2 recovers faster when comparing individual hamstring or quadricep muscles and second to determine if SmO2 recovers faster when comparing front or back squats at 70% of an individual’s measured 1-repetition maximal (1-RM) weight. Eleven recreationally trained participants completed the study. Each participant performed a 1-RM test and another test at 70% of their 1-RM for both front and back squats. Data was collected during the 70% of 1-RM test by placing MOXY sensors on the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris of the left and right legs. SmO2 recovery rate was reported as the rate constant by performing a linear regression from 10-50 seconds of each resting period. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine whether there were significant differences in SmO2 recovery rates. The level of significance was set at p < .05. There was a significant difference of muscle type in each of the three rest periods of both the left and right legs (Right Leg 1st rest period: F(1,9) = 5.708, p = .041, Right Leg 2nd rest period: F(1,9) = 8.781, p = .016, Right Leg 3rd rest period: F(1,9) = 9.609, p = .013) (Left Leg 1st rest period: F(1,10) = 6.466, p = .029, Left Leg 2nd rest period: F(1,10) = 5.952, p = .035, Left Leg 3rd rest period: F(1,10) = 14.754, p = .003). The quadricep muscles had a greater recovery rate mean when compared to the hamstring muscle. With the greater recovery rate in quadricep muscles, this may suggest a faster recovery due to metabolic pathways, greater blood delivery, greater capillarization, or increased muscle activation compared to the hamstring muscles during the lifts.